“中国雪窝”，为何在山东？******url:https://m.gmw.cn/2022-12/28/content_1303236897.htm,id:1303236897
近日
山东半岛遭遇今冬
第三轮明显降雪天气过程
威海局部遭遇暴雪
雪有多大？
网友拍摄了雪中刨车的场景
还有热心网友
给出了经验之谈
据分析
此次威海暴雪为冷流降雪
那么，什么是冷流雪？
它为何偏爱山东半岛？
01
为何威海烟台
被称作“中国雪窝”
“降雪，肯定看向东北！”东北三省的雪堪称是冬日城市的一道经典风景线。但很多人可能想不到，山东的两个海滨城市由于冬天较多的降雪也会形成独特的海滨雪城风貌，被称为“中国雪窝”，那就是烟台和威海。
每年冬天，相比于山东其他地区，烟台、威海的雪明显要多很多。因为这两个城市的降雪以冷流雪为主，占总降雪日数的比例高达80%以上。
今冬以来，山东半岛已出现三轮明显冷流雪过程，时间分别为11月29日至12月2日、12月16日至18日、12月21日至22日。每一轮降雪过程中，都有半岛局部地区降雪达到暴雪量级。其中12月22日，山东威海遭遇持续降雪，路面积雪严重。
根据烟台莱山机场气象统计资料显示：当地冷流雪年平均日数在39天左右。这种冷流雪是我国黄、渤海沿海地区冬季特有的一种天气现象，尤以山东半岛低山丘陵的北部沿海地区（位于渤海南部）为甚，而丘陵以南地区降雪量迅速减少。降雪量大是冷流降雪的特点之一，2005年年末至2006年初烟台芝罘区降水量达80.3毫米，积雪1.2米深。
02
冷流降雪
是如何形成的？
所谓冷流雪，也称“冷流降雪”，是由于海上富含水汽，而且海水的水温在冬季相较内陆的地表温度更高，所以海面上方的空气相对温暖而湿润。当冷空气南下时，海面上方的暖湿空气升至一定高度时，就会凝结成雪花，飘落下来，形成降雪。冷流降雪又被称作“大湖效应”。
以山东半岛为例，冷流雪在蓬莱至成山头一带沿海地区尤为显著。威海地处山东半岛东端，北、东、南三面濒临黄海，其独特的地理位置，极易产生冷流雪。
海洋热容量大，冬季海水温度的变化较气温及陆地的变化要平缓得多，南下的冷空气经过渤海海面时，与海水温度相差较大，低层空气增温、增湿，为空气对流运动提供了条件，使之在近海面形成具有一定对流性的层积云并产生降雪。
另外，半岛北部沿海丘陵山地的地形抬升和海岸的摩擦会迅速把暖湿气流抬升到凝结高度以上，也会对冷流雪起到增幅作用。
2021年12月25日冷流雪过程
冷流雪往往带来绝美景观
但也在此提醒大家
雪天行车危险指数较高
注意行车安全
同时做好保暖措施
转自｜中国气象
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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